هذان - هذين - هاتان - هاتين Demonstrative pronouns for dual near objects

This is a follow up to our previous lesson about demonstrative pronouns......

In this part you will learn clear examples about Demonstrative pronouns for dual near objects.

هذان - هذين - هاتان - هاتين

hazani- hazayni- hatani-hatayni

Hazani-هذان:

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is for masculine dual near objects  in the nominative case (مرفوع).

* هَذَانِ كِتَابَانِ كَبِيرَان.

Hazani ketabani kabeeran.

These two books are big.

Hazayni-هذين:

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is for masculine dual near objects  in the accusative case(منصوب) and the genitive case (مجرور) .

* رَأَيْتُ هَذَيْنِ العُصْفُورَيْنِ مِنْ قَبْل. (accusative case)

raa'ytou hazayni al-osfourayni min qabl.

I have seen these two birds before.

* فِي هَذَيْنِ البَلَدَيْنِ تُوجَدُ الفِيَلة. (genitive case)

Fi hazayni albaladayni toujado-lfeyalah.

In these two towns, elephants exist.

Hatani-هاتان :

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is for feminine dual near objects   in nominative case (مرفوع).

* هَاتَانِ الوَرْدَتَانِ فِي مَزْهَرِيَةِ وَاحِدَة.

Hatani al-wardatani fi mazhareyaten wahedah.

these two roses are in one vase.

hatayni- هاتين:

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is for feminine dual near objects   in the accusative case(منصوب) and the genitive case (مجرور) .

* أَمْسَكْتُ هَاتَيْنِ الكُرَتَيْنِ . (accusative case)

Amsaktou hatayni al-koratayni.

I holded these two balls.

* فِي هَاتَيْنِ الفِكْرَتَيْنِ فَوَائِدُ كَثِيرَة. (genitive case)

fi hatani elfekratayni fawaedo katheerah.

In these two ideas, lots of benefits exist.

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waiting for your sentences in comments below....I will correct them.

Demonstrative pronouns أسماء الإشارة

Demonstrative pronouns in Arabic as in English language have two kinds :

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1- for near objects

2- for distant (far) objects

as well as the difference between plural and singular.

However there are two major important differences in Arabic language which is gender agreement and the pronouns which refer to dual objects only.....

Demonstrative pronouns in English are: this, that, these, those.....

this ....singular near object

that ....singular distant object

these...plural near objects

those.....plural distant objects

Demonstrative pronouns in Arabic are :

هذا - هذه - هذان - هذين - هاتان - هاتين - هؤلاء - ذلك (ذاك) - تلك - ذانك - تانك -أولئك

First let's devide them based on distance into two sections :

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1- for near objects  هذا - هذه - هذان - هذين - هاتان - هاتين - هؤلاء
haza- hazehi- hazani- hazayni- hatani-hatayni- haoulaa

2- for distant (far) objects   ذلك (ذاك) - تلك - ذانك - تانك - أولئك  
zalika(zaka)- tilka- zanika- tanika- oulaeka

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As I said before, there isn't a golden rule to diffrentiate between male and female nouns except for the urge for extra learning and memorizing every noun with its gender type.

In some cases the "taa marboutah ة " at the end of the noun indicates fiminization......but don't count on that, because it is not a fixed rule...

Stay tuned for upcoming posts to elaborate more with examples......you are most welcome to leave questions and comments.

Nominal sentence using "haza - hazehi"

Haza (هذا) = This + is : for male nouns

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* هَذَا كِتَابُ اللُّغَةِ العَرَبِيَّة.

haza ketabo lloghatil arabiah.

This is the Arabic language book.

Hazehi (هذه) = this + is : for female nouns

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* هَذِهِ بِطَاقَةُ العِيد.

hazehi betaqatoul eid.

This is the feast 's card.

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Now I hear your loud question...How to differentiate between male and female nouns?!

There isn't a golden rule except for the urge for extra learning and memorizing every noun with its gender type.

In some cases the "taa marboutah ة " at the end of the noun indicates fiminization......but don't count on that, because it is not a fixed rule...

How to transform Verbal sentence into nominal one?

How to transform verbal sentence into nominal sentence and vice versa.....

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So obviously, to transform verbal sentence, which starts with a verb, you should put a noun or an article in the beginning of the sentence......and vice versa.
Defining verbal and nominal sentences for non Arabic speaker is Important for better understanding. If you defined the verb, the noun, the doer, the adverb....etc, meaning of the sentence will be reachable.
Also, If the writer wants to emphasis on a certain adverb or certain doer by placing it at the beginning of the sentence....simply to draw more attention to the doer or to the adverb.

 * ضَاعَ المُفْتاَح    ======== المُفْتاَحُ ضَاعَ

 almoftah daa'a========daa'a almoftah

The key was lost.

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* فُزْتُ وَ رَبَِ الكَعْبَة ============ وَ رَبِّ الكَعْبَةِ فُزْتُ.

wa rabbel-kaa'abati fozto======fozto wa rabbel- kaa'bah

By the god of kaa'ba, I have won.

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In some examples you need to change the sentence totally by adding more words and articles...to draw more attention to certain noun in the verbal sentence.

* شَرِبْتُ اللَّبَن. =========== sharibtol-abana  

I drank milk

أمَّا اللَّبَنُ فَقَدْ شُرِبَ.========amm allabano faqad shoriba

Speaking of milk, it has been drunk. 

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Any questions? .....please ask in comments section below.

Presenting yourself in nominal sentences (جملة اسمية)

Presenting myself/yourself is an important step in learning any new

 language.....so follow me!

My name is …..	esmy ….اسْمِي
My address is….	(ع)onwany …..عُنْوَانِي
My nationality is ….	jensyaty ….جِنْسِيَتِي
My job is….	وَظِيفَتِي….wazeefaty
My mother tongue is...	loghaty- alumm….لُغَتِي
My marital status is….	halaty - aledjtema’eyah …. حَالَتِي الإِجْتِمَاعِيَّة
My religion is..	deeny….دِينِي

These are the most seven common points you need to present yourself...

Let's discuss them one by one....

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1- My name is George.

اسْمِي جُورْج....esmy George

*In the last example and all of our examples sentences are nominal sentences (جملة اسمية) as nominal sentence starts with a noun and usually consists of : subject (مبتدأ) and predicate (خبر).

**In English  language you should use the auxiliary verb

 (to be) to complete the predicate (خبر)..while in Arabic nominal sentence the auxiliary verb is not written and not needed.

اسْمِي  is جُورْج.

Wonderful and much easier, isn't it?

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2- My address is...14, Al-Thawrah street, Damascus, Syria.

عُنْوَانِي 14 شَارِعُ الثَوْرَة - دِمَشْق- سُورِيَا....,

 onwany arba'atashar shareou-thawrah- demashq- soureya

عُنْوَانِي is 14 شَارِعُ الثَوْرَة - دِمَشْق- سُورِيَا.

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3- My nationality is British.

جِنْسِيَتِي بِرِيطَانِيّ (male)...

جِنْسِيَتِي بِرِيطَانِيَة (female)

jenseyaty breetany/breetanyah

* As I mentioned earlier ...verb (to be) is not needed in Arabic simple nominal sentences....this rule is for all upcoming nominal sentences.

جِنْسِيَتِي is بِرِيطَانِيّ

**To differentiate between male and female nationalities you should add "taa marboutah"ة" at the end of the word if you meant for a female.

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4- My job is a diplomat.

وَظِيفَتي دُبْلومَاسِيّ...wazeefaty doblomasy

وَظِيفَتي دُبْلومَاسِيّة...wazeefaty doblomaseyah

**To differentiate between male and female jobs you should add "taa marboutah"ة" at the end of the word if you meant for a female.

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5- My mother tongue is English.

لُغَتِي الأُمُ الإنجلِيزِيَّة.....loghaty alummo alenjelezeyah

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6-My marital status is married.

حَالَتِي الإِجْتِمَاعِيَّةُ مُتَزَوِّج....male)....halaty-ledgtema'eyah motazawej)

حَالَتِي الإِجْتِمَاعِيَّةُ مُتَزَوِّجة.female)..halaty-ledgtema'eyah motazawejah)

**To differentiate between male and female status you should add "taa marboutah"ة" at the end of the word if you meant for a female.

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7- My religion is christian.

دِينِي المَسِيحِيَّة.....deeny almaseheyah

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Try to present yourself (the true you) in comments to this post and I will revise your writings, questions, and whatsoever you want to speak about regarding Arabic  language....don't be shy ...express yourself.

3-letter root (lesson 2)

As we spoke earlier about 3-letter root rule in most Arabic words, briefly I would like to remind you with basic word types.

In Arabic language we have word types:

verb = فِعْل  &   noun = اسْم  &  particle= حرف

***The 3-letter root doesn't necessarily exist in particles ....

More Examples of 3- letter root:
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ك ت ب

* ك+ت+ب

is a verb means (to write)

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* ك+ا+ت+ب

is a noun that means writer

* م+ك+ت+ب

is a noun that means office or desk...where you write things.

*م+ك+ت+ب+ة

is a noun that means library...where you find lots of writings(books).

*ك+ت+ا+ب

is a noun that means book...inside in the book you find writings.

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I think you felt that in Arabic language there is a plenty of logic....we will continue providing more examples....stay tuned...

The 3-letter root (lesson one)

The wonder of 3-letters root :

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In most Arabic words there is a golden rule, called 3-letter root.....even the biggest word in Arabic "فأسقيناكموه" , found in Quran....it starts with 3-letter root....Imagine Arabic word as a tree that must has the 3-letter root to emerge over the ground.

Example 1:

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We will take these three letters.

ج م ع

* ج + م +ع  

is a verb means, "to cllect" "to add" in the past tense.

جَمَع َ

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* ج + ا + م + ع

is a noun that means a mosque. 

جَامِع

the meaning relates to the 3-letter root verb ....as mosque is the place where people are collected for prayer.

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* ج + ا + م + ع +ة

is a noun, that means university.

جَامِعَة

the meaning still relates as university is where students are collected to study.

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* ج + م +ع + ي +ة

is a noun  that means association.

جَمْعِيَّة

the meaning relates as association is where people are collected for a specific purpose...as charity association.

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More examples to come in upcoming lessons....

Sentence Structure

The Arabic sentences are divided into two main kinds :

1- The nominal sentence (starts with a noun)

2- The verbal sentence( starts with a verb)

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The nominal sentence

(starts with a noun)

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* العِلْمُ نُورٌ

Knowledge is light.

Al-elmo nouron

* الكَوْكَبُ لَامِعٌ

The star is shining.

al-kawkabo lamei

* الجِبَالُ عَالِيَةٌ

The mountains are high.

al-jibalou aaliah

* المُعَلِّمَانِ حَاضِرَان

The two teachers are present.

al-moalle-man haderan.

All these Arabic nominal sentences consist of two nouns, the first word of each sentence is called مُبْتدَأ

(subject) and the second word is called خَبَر (predicate).

Important notes:

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1- Both subject and predicate are in the nominative case (مرفوع), which ends with ُ   "dammah"  in general.

2- Generally the subject (مبتدأ) would be definite and the predicate (خبر) indefinite. 

3- The predicate (خبر) has to agree with its subject in respect of number and gender (masculine or feminine).

4- When the subject is the plural form of an object, not a person, the predicate is singular feminine.

ِArabic " sun" & "moon" letters

  

The letters of the alphabet are divided into "sun" letters and "moon" letters.

What is the importance of this lesson ?....the importance of this lesson lies in proper pronounciation ....

"Sun " letters are :

ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن

"Moon" letters are:

أ ب ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م و ه ي

The rule:

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when the definite article "ال" is prefixed to a noun or an adjective beginning with any of the "sun" letters, letter "ل" in "ال" will not be pronounced, while still written. the sun letter next to it will be pronounced twice and shadda "ّ " will be written over the initial sun letter.

In "moon" letters, this rule is not valid.

* revert to previous grammar lessons to get a complete picture.

Sun letters examples:

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* The sun  -  الشَّمْس -   "as-shams"

* The man  - الرَّجُل -  "ar-rajul"

* The eagle - الصَّقْر -  " as-saqr"

* The tiger -  النَّمِر - " an-namer"

  Moon letters examples:

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* The lion -    الأَسَد - " al-asad"

* The horse - الحِصَان - " al-hesan"

* The bird - العُصْفُور - " al-osfour"

* The cat -  َالقِطَّة - " al-qettah "

Difinite Article "ال"

ال

"ال" is the definite article of Arabic language, it is the equivalent of the word "the" in English.

Any noun or adjective without "ال" is considered indefinite. 

* there is no particular sign for the indefinite as "a" in English language rules.

Nouns and adjectives, when indefinite and in the singular form, end with double vowel marks "تنوين -tanween" :

ً    ٌ    ٍ

 

 بنتًا   كتابٌ    بيتٍ   

* revert to previous grammar lessons to know more about tanween.

But when words are made definite by adding "ال" they end with a single vowel mark only.

البنتَ   الكتابُ   البيتِ

 Note: the definite article "ال" is prefixed to the nouns and adjectives it defines as it doesnot stand alone. 

Singular, Dual, and Plural

A very unique feature of the Arabic language is that its nouns, adjectives and verbs have three types (levels) of numeral expressions. 

1- singular      2- dual    3- plural

* In Noun

Example words:

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1- كِتَاب      a book   (kitab)      

 2- كِتَابَيْن or كِتَابَان (ketaban - ketabayn)  two books   

3- كُتُب  more than two books  (kotob)

1- بَيْت   a house   (bayt)     

 2- بَيْتَيْن  or بَيْتَان   ( baytan - baytayn)  two houses

3- بُيُوت   houses    (boyout)

Explanation:

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Did you notice that we added ان or ين  to the singular to form dual nouns ......?....I am sure you did.

we will explain in the upcoming posts the difference between those two types of dual nouns....but for now let's take it as a rule :

*** To form a dual noun you will add either ان or ين  ***

Examples:

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1-I see the book.

أنَا أرَى الكِتَاب.

Ana- ara- lkitab  

2- I see the two books.

أنَا أرَى الكِتَابَيْن.

Ana - ara- alkitabayn.

3- I see the three books.

أنَا أرَى الكُتُب. 

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**In Adjective

Adjective definition: " adjective in Arabic is called 'صفة - sefah'. it is one variety of a noun or one word to describe a noun"

Singular Example :

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The ripe apple is delicious. 

التُّفَّاحَةُ النَّاضِجَةُ لَذِيذَة .

Attou-ffahato- annadi-jato- lazeezah.

Note: the adjective is in blue color and adjective in Arabic language sentences comes second in order after the noun, which we want to describe....unlike the English language, adjective comes first.

1- الناضجة     

2-الناضجتان  or الناضجتين

3- الناضجات 

Dual example:

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The ripe two apples are delicious. 

التفاحتانِ الناضجتانِ لذيذتان .

Attou-ffahahtani annadi-jatani lazeezatan.

Plural example:

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The ripe apples are delicious. 

التفاحُ الناضجُ لذيذ .

Attou-ffahaho- annadi-jo lazeez.

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In Verb

Verb definition : " Verb in Arabic language is called 'فعل -fe'l'. A word to express an action. it can express the present, the past, and the future tenses as well as orders"

Singular Example :

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The baby cries.

الطِّفْلُ يَبْكِي .

Atteflo-Yabeki.

Note: the verb is in light green color and verb in Arabic language sentences comes either first or second in order ...before or after the doer....unlike the English language, verb comes second in order after the doer...

Dual Example:

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The two babies cry.

الطِّفْلانِ يَبْكِيان .

ِAtteflani-Yabekyan.

Plural Example:

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The babies cry.

الأطْفَالُ تَبْكِي .

Al-atfalo-tabeki.

Forming classic two-word Arabic questions

  

Let's form two-word classic ِArabic questions .....It is a fantastic exercise .....you can try some of your own in comments section ............

* مَنِ الطَّارِق ؟

Who is knocking the door?

Mani - ttareq ?

* أيْنَ الصُورَة ؟

Where is the picture?

Ayna-ssourah ?

* مَاذَا تشْرَب؟

what do you drink?

Maza tashrab?

* كيْفَ الطَّقْس ؟

How is the weather?

Kayfa-ttaqsou?

* لِمَاذَا تَجْرِي ؟

Why do you run?

Lemaza tadjry?

* هَلْ خَرَجْتَ ؟

Did you exist?

Hal kharadjta?

* مَتَى الإجَازَة ؟

When is the vacation?

Mata-lejazah?

*كَمِ السَّاعَة ؟

What time is it?

Kami-essa'ah?